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Freshman Organic Chemistry I

Yale,, Spring 2011 , Prof. Michael McBride

Updated On 02 Feb, 19

Overview

Mechanism: How Energies and Kinetic Order Influence Reaction Rates - Peculiar Rate Laws, Bond Dissociation Energies, and Relative Reactivities - Rate and Selectivity in Radical-Chain Reactions - Electronegativity, Bond Strength, Electrostatics, and Non-Bonded Interactions - Solvation, H-Bonding, and Ionophores - Brnsted Acidity and the Generality of Nucleophilic Substitution - Nucleophilic Substitution Tools - Stereochemistry, Rate Law, Substrate, Nucleophile - Solvent, Leaving Group, Bridgehead Substitution, and Pentavalent Carbon - Pentavalent Carbon? E2, SN1, E1 - Cation Intermediates. Alkenes: Formation, Addition, and Stability - Carbocations and the Mechanism of Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes and Alkynes - Nucleophilic Participation During Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes - Addition to Form Three-Membered Rings: Carbenoids and Epoxidation.

Epoxide Opening, Dipolar Cycloaddition, and Ozonolysis - Metals and Catalysis in Alkene Oxidation, Hydrogenation, Metathesis, and Polymerization - Isoprenoids, Rubber, and Tuning Polymer Properties - Alkynes. Conjugation in Allylic Intermediates and Dienes - Linear and Cyclic Conjugation Theory. 4n+2 Aromaticity - Aromatic Transition States: Cycloaddition and Electrocyclic Reactions - Electronic and Vibrational Spectroscopy - Functional Groups and Fingerprints in IR Spectroscopy. Precession of Magnetic Nuclei - Medical MRI and Chemical NMR - Diamagnetic Anisotropy and Spin-Spin Splitting - Higher-Order Effects, Dynamics, and the NMR Time Scale.

C-13 and 2D NMR. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution - Aromatic Substitution in Synthesis: Friedel-Crafts and Moses Gomberg - Triphenylmethyl and an Introduction to Carbonyl Chemistry - Mechanism and Equilibrium of Carbonyl Reactions - Imines and Enamines. Oxidation and Reduction - Oxidation States and Mechanisms - Periodate Cleavage, Retrosynthesis, and Green Chemistry - Measuring Bond Energies: Guest Lecture by Prof. G. Barney Ellison - Green Chemistry. Acids and Acid Derivatives - Acids and Acid Derivatives - Acyl Insertions and [gr]α-Reactivity - [gr]α-Reactivity and Condensation Reactions - Proving the Configuration of Glucose and Synthesizing Two Unnatural Products - Review: Synthesis of Cortisone.

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Lecture 38: Review Synthesis of Cortisone

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Lecture Details

Freshman Organic Chemistry II (CHEM 125B)Discoverers of the structure and biological activity of steroid hormones won seven Nobel Prizes between 1927 and 1975. Studying the steps involved in Woodwards 1951 "total" synthesis of cortisone provides a review of the organic reactions covered this semester. Many steps involved novel insights, others were based on lore from previous work In the area. The overall yield of such sequential syntheses is typically much lower than that of convergent syntheses. Practical syntheses of cortisone were based on modification of related steroids readily available from nature. Milestones in total synthesis include both purely intellectual work with natural products and commercially important synthesis of designed pharmaceuticals. The course ends with thanks to those, young and old, who have taught us all.0000 - Chapter 1. Steroids and the Medicinal Activity of Cortisone 0743 - Chapter 2. Woodwards Total Synthesis of Cortisone 3327 - Chapter 3. Practical Synthesis of Cortisone 3859 - Chapter 4. Some Milestones in Organic Synthesis 4459 - Chapter 5. Thanks to Teachers, Colleagues, Family, and StudentsComplete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website httpoyc.yale.eduThis course was recorded in Spring 2011.